OCR Jobs - Remote & On-site

OCR jobs hiring now at vetted startups and product companies on Alion, updated daily. Average salary around $173,387/year. Compare remote, hybrid and on-site positions with relocation and visa sponsorship. Browse and apply today.

AI/ML
Software
Data
Security
DevOps & Cloud
Leadership
Product
Design
Fintech
Hardware & Chips
Defense
Aerospace
Biotech
Energy
Robotics
Automotive
MedTech
Science

Sionic AI

sionic.ai
sionic.ai • HQ: Seoul, South Korea • LLM & Generative AI • Artificial Intelligence • Startup • Trust C • Hiring 11
HQ: Seoul, South Korea • LLM & Generative AI • Artificial Intelligence • Startup • Trust C • Hiring 11
We provide cutting-edge Generative AI technology seamlessly to your current service. Prepare future with Sionic AI and make your business great again!
Sukhyun Ko Business · CEO · decision-maker
Careers mailbox is known
Likely inactiveVerified live · 3 hours ago 6 months ago Long shot · 5%

[전문연구요원] AI/ML - MultiModal Foundation Model Researcher (석사 이상)

Seoul • Remote (South Korea) • Full-Time • Korean: C1
RLHF
Multimodal AI
Chain-of-Thought
VLM
Synthetic Data
DPO
SFT
GRPO
Post-training
OCR
RAG
LLM
+4
Apply

Resilient Co

resilientco.net
resilientco.net • HQ: Madrid, Spain • Recruiting & Staffing • Trust C • Hiring 19
HQ: Madrid, Spain • Recruiting & Staffing • Trust C • Hiring 19
Resilient Co is a recruitment firm that combines technology, empathy and speed to hire talent and support the growth of teams. It recruits for client companies in software, building automation and finance, filling roles such as forward deployed engineers, full-stack engineers, data systems administrators and BMS programmers. The firm is based in Spain.
No named decision-maker yet.
Careers mailbox is known
Likely inactiveVerified live · 3 hours ago 6 months ago Long shot · 4%

Full Stack Engineer

≈ $42k – $109k per year (Estimated) • Hybrid (Madrid, Spain) • Full-Time
Node JS
TypeScript
JavaScript
Python
Python
FastAPI
Pydantic
AI/ML
Pandas
OCR
LangChain
Model Context Protocol
Frontend
React.js
Management
n8n
+4
Apply

Canon

canon.com
canon.com • HQ: Tokyo, Japan • Printers & Scanners • Digital Cameras & Photography • Est. 1937 • Trust D • Hiring 14, 1 new
HQ: Tokyo, Japan • Printers & Scanners • Digital Cameras & Photography • Est. 1937 • Trust D • Hiring 14, 1 new
Canon is a Tokyo technology company founded in 1937 that makes imaging equipment, printers and semiconductor lithography systems. Its business has extended from cameras into medical imaging, industrial optics and enterprise document software. The company is one of Japan's largest technology manufacturers and research spenders.
No named decision-maker yet.
No careers mailbox known
Likely inactiveVerified live · 3 hours ago 6 months ago Long shot · 4%

AIエンジニア(生成AI・業務支援AI)

$34k – $56k per year • In office (Kawasaki, Japan) • Full-Time
C#
TypeScript
C++
Java
Python
AI/ML
Gemini
OCR
OpenAI
RAG
LLM
DevOps
Azure
+3
Apply

Valerie Health

valeriehealth.com
valeriehealth.com • HQ: San Francisco, United States • Patient Access & Booking • Medical AI • 51-200 employees • Est. 2024 • Startup • Trust C • Hiring 15, 4 new
HQ: San Francisco, United States • Patient Access & Booking • Medical AI • 51-200 employees • Est. 2024 • Startup • Trust C • Hiring 15, 4 new
Valerie Health sits at the intersection of healthcare and AI, helping independent provider groups modernize patient experiences.
No named decision-maker yet.
No careers mailbox known
Likely inactiveVerified live · 2 hours ago Visa sponsor 6 months ago Long shot · 3%

Software Engineer

≈ $138k – $280k per year (Estimated) • Junior • 1+ year exp • In office (San Francisco, United States) • Full-Time • Junior
Fine-tuning
RLHF
Reinforcement Learning
OCR
LLM
Cybersecurity
HIPAA
Management
Stripe
Apply

VO2 Group

vo2-group.com
vo2-group.com • Paris • Lille • Montreal • AI Consulting & Integration • Branding • Digital Marketing • 201-500 employees • Trust A • Hiring 28, 1 new
Paris • Lille • Montreal • AI Consulting & Integration • Branding • Digital Marketing • 201-500 employees • Trust A • Hiring 28, 1 new
VO2 Group is a global consultancy delivering AI, digital, and tech solutions. We empower leading brands with strategy, brand experience, and transformation.
No named decision-maker yet.
No careers mailbox known
Verified live · 2 hours ago 6 months ago Fading · 31%

[InsideBoard AI] - FDE

≈ $58k – $133k per year (Estimated) • Hybrid (Paris, France) • Full-Time • French
TypeScript
Python
AI/ML
Windsurf
Mistral
Transformers
Anthropic
OCR
Cursor
OpenAI
Claude Code
RAG
LLM
DevOps
Rest API
Management
n8n
Zapier
+7
Apply

Coral

trycoral.ai
trycoral.ai • HQ: New York, United States • Revenue Cycle & Medical Billing • AI Agents • 51-200 employees • Startup • Trust B • Hiring 8
HQ: New York, United States • Revenue Cycle & Medical Billing • AI Agents • 51-200 employees • Startup • Trust B • Hiring 8
Streamline healthcare workflows with Coral. Our AI automation platform specializes in healthcare document processing, clinical data extraction from e-faxes, and automated patient intake to eliminate manual busywork for DME, infusion centers and more".
No named decision-maker yet.
No careers mailbox known
Open 187 daysVerified live · 2 hours ago 6 months ago Long shot · 4%

ML Engineer - New York

≈ $112k – $250k per year (Estimated) • Junior • 2+ years exp • In office (New York, United States) • Full-Time • Junior
Python
AI/ML
NLP
Transformers
OCR
TensorFlow
PyTorch
Machine Learning
AI Agents
DevOps
Docker
GCP
Kubernetes
Azure
AWS
+5
Apply
Open 200 daysVerified live · 2 hours ago 6 months ago Long shot · 5%

Senior Product Designer

Senior • 4+ years exp • Remote (likely United States) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Senior
NLP
OCR
AI Agents
Design
Sketch
Figma
Apply
Open 200 daysVerified live · 2 hours ago 6 months ago Long shot · 5%

Senior ML Engineer

Senior • 3+ years exp • Remote (likely United States) • Full-Time • Senior
Python
AI/ML
NLP
Transformers
OCR
TensorFlow
PyTorch
Machine Learning
AI Agents
DevOps
Docker
GCP
Kubernetes
Azure
AWS
+5
Apply

TikTok

tiktok.com
tiktok.com • HQ: Culver City, United States • Social Networks • Video & Photo Sharing • Social Commerce • Advertising • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 2016 • Trust B • Hiring 3479, 97 new
HQ: Culver City, United States • Social Networks • Video & Photo Sharing • Social Commerce • Advertising • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 2016 • Trust B • Hiring 3479, 97 new
TikTok is a short-form video platform owned by the Chinese technology group ByteDance and launched internationally in 2016, growing further after the 2018 merger with the lip-sync app Musical.ly. Its recommendation feed surfaces content by engagement signals rather than social graph, which lets new creators reach large audiences quickly and made the app one of the most downloaded in the world. The company runs dual operating hubs in Singapore and Los Angeles and has built an advertising business, a live streaming economy and the TikTok Shop commerce marketplace on top of the video feed.
Blake Chandlee · President, Global Business Solutions · decision-maker
Shou Zi Chew · Chief Executive Officer · decision-maker
Zhang Yiming · Founder of ByteDance · founder
Careers mailbox is known
≈ $221k – $489k per year (Estimated) • In office (Seattle, United States) • PhD • Full-Time
Hadoop
Multimodal AI
SGLang
Tokenization
Time Series
Post-training
Recommender Systems
World Models
TensorFlow
PyTorch
Machine Learning
Quantization
Knowledge Distillation
NLP
Transfer Learning
TensorRT
Self-Supervised Learning
Image Segmentation
OCR
Model Distillation
Computer Vision
+13
Apply
Intern • In office (Seattle, United States) • PhD • Internship • Intern
Hadoop
Multimodal AI
Diffusion Models
Tokenization
Time Series
Post-training
Recommender Systems
World Models
TensorFlow
PyTorch
Machine Learning
Quantization
Knowledge Distillation
NLP
Transfer Learning
TensorRT
Self-Supervised Learning
Image Segmentation
OCR
Model Distillation
Computer Vision
+13
Apply

FriendliAI

friendli.ai
friendli.ai • San Francisco • Seoul • AI Agents • LLM & Generative AI • Artificial Intelligence • 51-200 employees • Startup • Trust C • Hiring 17, 2 new
San Francisco • Seoul • AI Agents • LLM & Generative AI • Artificial Intelligence • 51-200 employees • Startup • Trust C • Hiring 17, 2 new
FriendliAI is the fastest inference cloud for agents, built to run frontier open-weight models in production at scale.
No named decision-maker yet.
Careers mailbox is known
Likely inactiveVerified live · 1 hour ago 6 months ago Long shot · 4%

Software Engineer – AI Agents

≈ $131k – $259k per year (Estimated) • Middle • 3+ years exp • Hybrid (San Francisco, United States) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Middle
Python
AI/ML
LlamaIndex
Multimodal AI
Hugging Face
LangChain
RAG
LLM
AI Agents
OCR
DevOps
Kubernetes
+2
Apply

Thermo Fisher Scientific

thermofisher.com
thermofisher.com • HQ: Waltham, United States • CRO & CDMO Services • APIs & Drug Manufacturing • Clinical Trial Services (CRO) • Diagnostic Tests & IVD • Laboratory Equipment • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 2006 • NYSE: TMO • Trust B • Hiring 2656, 335 new
HQ: Waltham, United States • CRO & CDMO Services • APIs & Drug Manufacturing • Clinical Trial Services (CRO) • Diagnostic Tests & IVD • Laboratory Equipment • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 2006 • NYSE: TMO • Trust B • Hiring 2656, 335 new
Founded in 2006 through a major merger, Thermo Fisher Scientific is a global leader in serving science, biotechnology, and healthcare. Headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts, the multinational corporation provides a vast portfolio of analytical instruments, laboratory equipment, diagnostic tools, and pharmaceutical development services. By partnering with pharmaceutical companies, research institutions, and clinical laboratories worldwide, the organization enables clients to accelerate scientific discovery, optimize laboratory workflows, and improve patient diagnostics.
No named decision-maker yet.
No careers mailbox known
Open 193 daysVerified live · 1 day ago 6 months ago Long shot · 4%

AI Engineer

≈ $32k – $84k per year (Estimated) • Middle • 3+ years exp • In office (Suzhou, China) • Master's Degree • Full-Time • Middle • English
SQL
Python
AI/ML
OCR
Computer Vision
LLM
Machine Learning
AI Agents
Analytics
Power BI
Apply

OBSBOT

obsbot.com
obsbot.com • HQ: Shenzhen, China • Video Conferencing & Webinars • Computer Peripherals • Digital Cameras & Photography • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 2016 • Trust B • Hiring 59, 2 new
HQ: Shenzhen, China • Video Conferencing & Webinars • Computer Peripherals • Digital Cameras & Photography • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 2016 • Trust B • Hiring 59, 2 new
OBSBOT is a Shenzhen-based consumer electronics brand that designs AI-powered cameras, including PTZ webcams, pocket streaming cameras and multi-camera live production consoles for video creators, streamers and businesses. Created in April 2016, the brand belongs to Remo Tech, a Shenzhen company whose research team works on artificial intelligence, imaging and robotics, and it sells through Tmall and JD.com flagship stores and authorised retailers. It hires embedded, C++ and real-time audio and video engineers, AI agent and large-model developers, product managers, test engineers and B2B sales leads in Shenzhen, Chengdu and Hangzhou.
No named decision-maker yet.
Careers mailbox is known
Verified live · 1 hour ago 6 months ago Long shot · 18%

测试开发工程师

Junior • 2+ years exp • In office (Shenzhen, China) • Full-Time • Junior • Chinese: C1
OpenCV
OCR
PyTorch
LLM
DevOps
GitLab
Windows
QA
XCUITest
Apply
tryrely.ai • Machine Learning • Document AI • Likely startup • Hiring 1
Machine Learning • Document AI • Likely startup • Hiring 1
Rely converts unstructured files into structured data and guides diligence workflows at scale—cutting manual entry, back-and-forth, and time to close.
No named decision-maker yet.
No careers mailbox known
Open 205 daysVerified live · 1 hour ago 6 months ago Long shot · 5%

Software Engineer

≈ $132k – $229k per year (Estimated) • Senior • 5+ years exp • Remote (United States, EST hours) • Full-Time • Senior
Python
JavaScript
Python
Celery
Databases
PostgreSQL
RabbitMQ
Redis
AI/ML
Embeddings
OCR
LangChain
Frontend
Next.js
React.js
DevOps
Vercel
Terraform
AWS
+6
Apply
Report
manh.com • HQ: Atlanta, United States • Retail & Shop Systems • Supply Chain & Logistics Software • 501-1000 employees • Est. 1990 • NASDAQ: MANH • Trust A • Hiring 32, 3 new
HQ: Atlanta, United States • Retail & Shop Systems • Supply Chain & Logistics Software • 501-1000 employees • Est. 1990 • NASDAQ: MANH • Trust A • Hiring 32, 3 new
Manhattan Associates is an American technology company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, that develops software for supply chain management, inventory optimization, and omnichannel commerce. Founded in 1990, the firm offers cloud-native solutions - such as warehouse and transportation management systems - that help retailers, manufacturers, and distributors unite front-end sales with back-end fulfillment operations. Its platforms leverage artificial intelligence, machine learning, and advanced automation to optimize logistics, streamline store inventory, and enhance overall operational efficiency.
No named decision-maker yet.
Careers mailbox is known
Open 208 daysVerified live · 2 days ago Visa sponsor 7 months ago Long shot · 16%

Principal AI Engineer

≈ $137k – $280k per year (Estimated) • Lead • 7+ years exp • In office (Atlanta, United States) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Principal
Python
AI/ML
YOLO
Fine-tuning
Scikit-learn
Transformers
BERT
ResNet
Hugging Face
OCR
Recommender Systems
TensorFlow
Computer Vision
Model Context Protocol
Spark
PyTorch
Copilot
LLM
Machine Learning
AI Agents
DevOps
Bitbucket
Docker
GCP
Kubernetes
Azure
AWS
Analytics
ETL/ELT
Management
Waterfall
ServiceNow
SharePoint
Confluence
Jira
Agile
+24
Apply

Liquid AI

liquid.ai
liquid.ai • HQ: Boston, United States • AI Research Labs • Foundation Models • Edge AI • 201-500 employees • Est. 2023 • Startup • Trust A • Hiring 20, 1 new
HQ: Boston, United States • AI Research Labs • Foundation Models • Edge AI • 201-500 employees • Est. 2023 • Startup • Trust A • Hiring 20, 1 new
Liquid AI is an artificial intelligence company headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, and founded in 2023 as a spin-off from the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. The company builds Liquid Foundation Models, an architecture derived from liquid neural networks that aims to match transformer quality at a fraction of the memory and compute. It targets on-device and edge deployment where models must run on phones, vehicles, and embedded hardware rather than in a data center.
Ramin Hasani · Executive Officer, Director · decision-maker
Mathias Lechner · Director, Executive Officer · decision-maker
Louis Hunt · Executive Officer · decision-maker
Joseph Jacks · Director
No careers mailbox known
Verified live · 3 hours ago Visa sponsor 7 months ago Fading · 35%

Member of Technical Staff - Post Training, Applied (Vision)

≈ $204k – $409k per year (Estimated) • Staff+ • Hybrid (San Francisco, Boston, United States) • Full-Time • Staff
Fine-tuning
Reinforcement Learning
Multimodal AI
VLM
Synthetic Data
SFT
Post-training
OCR
Apply

Cytora

cytora.com
cytora.com • HQ: London, United Kingdom • Document AI • InsurTech • 51-200 employees • Est. 2014 • Startup • Trust B • Hiring 7
HQ: London, United Kingdom • Document AI • InsurTech • 51-200 employees • Est. 2014 • Startup • Trust B • Hiring 7
Cytora is a London company founded in 2014 that digitises commercial insurance risk intake. Its platform reads submissions, enriches them with external data and routes them automatically to the right underwriter. The company works with global insurers trying to process more business without adding headcount.
No named decision-maker yet.
No careers mailbox known
Open 208 daysVerified live · 1 hour ago 7 months ago Long shot · 10%

Senior Backend Engineer

≈ $84k – $158k per year (Estimated) • Senior • Remote (United Kingdom, Ireland) • Full-Time • Senior • English
Python
Python
SQLAlchemy
FastAPI
Mypy
HTTPX
structlog
Databases
Google BigQuery
Redis
PostgreSQL
AI/ML
Vertex AI
Tesseract OCR
OCR
Prompt Engineering
DevOps
CircleCI
Datadog
AWS Lambda
API Gateway
Amazon S3
Terraform
Rest API
Git
Docker
GCP
Kubernetes
AWS
Cybersecurity
Auth0
QA
Pytest
+19
Apply

Nextcloud

nextcloud.com
nextcloud.com • HQ: Stuttgart, Germany • Team Communication & Collaboration • Cloud Storage & File Sharing • 51-200 employees • Est. 2016 • Hiring 5
HQ: Stuttgart, Germany • Team Communication & Collaboration • Cloud Storage & File Sharing • 51-200 employees • Est. 2016 • Hiring 5
We help you achieve a safe home for all your data. Secure, under your control and developed in an open, transparent, and trustworthy way. We are Nextcloud.
No named decision-maker yet.
Careers mailbox is known
Verified live · 4 hours ago 7 months ago Long shot · 14%

Back-end Engineer Integration and AI (PHP/Python)

≈ $65k – $125k per year (Estimated) • Remote (Germany) • Full-Time
PHP
JavaScript
Python
TypeScript
AI/ML
Embeddings
NLP
Whisper
Hugging Face
OCR
LangChain
LLM
Frontend
Vue.js
Svelte
Angular
React.js
DevOps
GitHub
Rest API
Docker
+10
Apply
gzlbp.com • HQ: Guangzhou, China • Molecular Diagnostics • Diagnostic Tests & IVD • Est. 2005 • Trust B • Hiring 6
HQ: Guangzhou, China • Molecular Diagnostics • Diagnostic Tests & IVD • Est. 2005 • Trust B • Hiring 6
Guangzhou LBP Medical Technology is a listed Chinese medical technology company focused on tumour screening and diagnosis, with in vitro diagnostic reagents and supporting equipment mainly for pathology departments. Its product lines cover liquid-based cytology, PCR, immunohistochemistry and FISH, and some products hold CE and other international certifications. The company is headquartered in Guangzhou, China.
No named decision-maker yet.
Careers mailbox is known
Open 213 daysVerified live · 2 hours ago 7 months ago Long shot · 3%

算法工程师(2027届)

In office (Guangzhou, China) • Full-Time • Chinese: C1
C++
AI/ML
NLP
Transformers
BERT
OCR
LLM
Apply

DigiRecruitx

digirecruitx.com
digirecruitx.com • HQ: Surat, India • Professional Services • Recruiting & Staffing • Trust C • Hiring 94
HQ: Surat, India • Professional Services • Recruiting & Staffing • Trust C • Hiring 94
DigiRecruitx is a talent acquisition and staffing agency that provides comprehensive hiring solutions to help organizations build high-performing teams. The company delivers a diverse suite of recruitment services, including permanent staffing, executive search, remote talent acquisition, and recruitment process outsourcing across industries such as technology, finance, and manufacturing. Headquartered in Surat, Gujarat, India, the firm combines modern sourcing techniques with practical candidate screening to connect employers with top-tier professionals globally.
No named decision-maker yet.
No careers mailbox known
Likely inactiveVerified live · 2 hours ago 7 months ago Long shot · 2%

Python Developer

≈ $8k – $22k per year (Estimated) • Junior • 2+ years exp • In office (Bengaluru, India) • Full-Time • Junior
TypeScript
Python
JavaScript
Python
SQLAlchemy
FastAPI
Asyncio
Celery
Ruff
Mypy
Alembic
Databases
Redis
PostgreSQL
AI/ML
Ollama
Gemini
OCR
OpenAI
Frontend
Tailwind CSS
Vite
Zod
shadcn/ui
Recharts
React Hook Form
React.js
Radix UI
Mobile
Firebase
Dependency Injection
State Management
DevOps
WebSockets
Rest API
Git
Docker
QA
Pytest
+24
Apply

Inetum

inetum.com
inetum.com • HQ: Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine, France • Managed IT Services (MSP) • Systems Integrators • IT Consulting & Digital Transformation • 5000+ employees • Est. 1970 • IT services • Trust B • Hiring 894, 90 new
HQ: Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine, France • Managed IT Services (MSP) • Systems Integrators • IT Consulting & Digital Transformation • 5000+ employees • Est. 1970 • IT services • Trust B • Hiring 894, 90 new
Inetum is a European digital services company founded in France in 1970 as Gfi Informatique and renamed in 2021 after its acquisition by the private equity firm Bain Capital. It provides consulting, application development, infrastructure and managed services to clients across roughly twenty countries, with particular strength in France, Spain, Portugal and Belgium and a large nearshore delivery base in Morocco and Eastern Europe. Alongside services the group publishes its own software for public administration, human resources and finance, which gives it recurring licence revenue that pure services competitors lack.
David Gendry · Director · decision-maker
Jacques Pommeraud · Chief Executive Officer · decision-maker
No careers mailbox known
Open 214 daysVerified live · 3 hours ago 7 months ago Long shot · 2%

Data Engineer / 1

≈ $49k – $87k per year (Estimated) • Warsaw • Remote (Poland) • Full-Time • Middle • English
Python
Python
FastAPI
Django
Pydantic
Databases
PostgreSQL
AI/ML
LiteLLM
OCR
Model Context Protocol
LLM
DevOps
Helm
Prometheus
Grafana
Docker
Kubernetes
Management
ServiceNow
+7
Apply

OKX

okx.com
okx.com • HQ: Singapore • Crypto Wallets • Cryptocurrencies • Crypto Exchanges • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 2017 • Trust A • Hiring 314, 13 new
HQ: Singapore • Crypto Wallets • Cryptocurrencies • Crypto Exchanges • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 2017 • Trust A • Hiring 314, 13 new
OKX is a global cryptocurrency exchange and Web3 technology company founded in 2017 and among the largest venues by trading volume. It offers spot, margin, futures, options and perpetual swap markets across hundreds of digital assets, alongside earn products, copy trading and institutional custody and prime services. The company also runs one of the most used self-custodial wallets and a decentralised exchange aggregator that connects to dozens of chains, and it operates the OKB token and the X Layer network, with major operational hubs in Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai and San Jose.
Star Xu · Founder & Chairman · decision-maker
Roshan Robert · Chief Executive Officer, OKX United States · decision-maker
Hong Fang · President · decision-maker
No careers mailbox known
Verified live · 3 hours ago 7 months ago Long shot · 18%

Senior /Staff AI Engineer

≈ $133k – $304k per year (Estimated) • Staff+ • 5+ years exp • In office (Singapore, Hong Kong) • Bachelor's Degree • Staff
SQL
Python
Databases
Neo4j
Snowflake
Apache Kafka
AI/ML
Embeddings
Multimodal AI
GNN
TensorFlow
PyTorch
AI Agents
Flink
OCR
Spark
+6
Apply
Machines can read this selection · checked 13:53 UTC
OCR Jobs - Remote & On-site
Frequently asked questions
How many OCR jobs are available on Alion?
There are currently 493 active listings from 301 hiring companies on Alion, refreshed daily.
What salary do OCR jobs pay?
The average salary is around $173,387 per year based on the current listings.
Are remote options available for OCR jobs?
Yes, many of these roles offer remote or hybrid work, and you can filter listings by remote, relocation and visa sponsorship.
How do I apply for OCR jobs?
Open any listing on Alion and apply directly with the employer through the provided link - no lengthy sign-up required.