Oscilar is a risk management platform that focuses on fraud defense, credit underwriting, onboarding risk, and AML compliance for financial institutions. Through its advanced AI Risk Decisioning™, Oscilar enables organizations to make faster and more intelligent risk decisions, monitor customer journeys, and ensure regulatory compliance seamlessly. Oscilar's platform provides comprehensive analytics and proactive detection capabilities, tailored to meet the unique risk needs of banks, fintechs, and credit unions.
HQ: Palo Alto, United States • Financial Services • FinTech • Fraud Detection • Est. 2021
$210k – $250k per year • Equity • Staff+ • 3+ years exp • Remote (United States, Canada) • Full-Time • Staff
Python
Python
Dask
AI/ML
Spark
DevOps
AWS
Azure
GCP
$77k – $112k per year • Equity • Staff+ • 5+ years exp • Remote (Brazil) • Full-Time • Staff
Java
Python
AI/ML
AWS Bedrock
LLM
Tokenization
AI Agents
Anthropic
LLM Guardrails
OpenAI
DevOps
AWS
Kubernetes
IAM
Cybersecurity
Dependabot
MITRE ATT&CK
Semgrep
Snyk
Threat Modeling
CodeQL
ISO 27001
SOC 2
≈ $138k – $282k per year (Estimated) • Equity • Remote (United States) • Full-Time
SQL
Databases
Snowflake
AI/ML
AI Agents
Claude
Cursor
LLM
Function Calling
Human-in-the-Loop
OpenAI Codex
DevOps
AWS
Azure
GCP
Rest API
Analytics
ETL/ELT
QA
Postman
Invisible Technologies is a company founded in 2015 that combines expert human operators with automation to run business processes and to train frontier models. It supplies reinforcement learning from human feedback, expert data and evaluation services to leading artificial intelligence labs. The company operates a distributed workforce organised around a proprietary process orchestration platform.
HQ: New York, United States • Information Technology • Financial Services • Artificial Intelligence • Est. 2015
≈ $107k – $221k per year (Estimated) • Senior • Remote/Hybrid (London, United Kingdom) • Senior
Python
AI/ML
AI Agents
Context Engineering
LLM Guardrails
Model Context Protocol
DevOps
AWS
Azure
GCP
GitOps
Helm
Kubernetes
Terraform
Cybersecurity
Least Privilege
≈ $85k – $212k per year (Estimated) • Remote/Hybrid (London, United Kingdom)
Python
AI/ML
AI Agents
LLM Guardrails
Model Context Protocol
DevOps
ArgoCD
AWS
CI/CD
GitOps
Helm
Immutable Infrastructure
Kubernetes
Terraform
Trunk-Based Development
Azure
GCP
$209k – $300k per year • Staff+ • 8+ years exp • Remote/Hybrid (New York, United States) • Staff
Python
SQL
AI/ML
AI Agents
RAG
DevOps
AWS
Azure
GCP
Kubernetes
Discover Aspen Heights British School, one of the leading British international schools in Abu Dhabi, offering exceptional education, expert teachers, and global pathways. Apply now.
Sintra • Warsaw • Campinas • Anaheim • Milan • Audio Production • Artificial Intelligence • Education • 51-200 employees • Est. 2018
$85k – $95k per year • Senior • 5+ years exp • In office (Dallas, United States) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Senior
≈ $91k – $194k per year (Estimated) • Lead • 8+ years exp • In office (United Kingdom) • Full-Time • Principal
AWS
Azure
Management
Jira
Maxis is one of Malaysia's largest mobile operators and a major provider of fibre broadband and enterprise connectivity. It sells converged consumer packages alongside cloud, internet of things and managed ICT services for business. The company is listed on Bursa Malaysia and operates a nationwide network.
HQ: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia • Smartphones • Wireless • Consumer Electronics • 501-1000 employees • Est. 1993
Executive • In office (Malaysia) • Full-Time • Architect
Senior • 5+ years exp • In office (Malaysia) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Senior
Java
Node JS
Python
C#
TypeScript
JavaScript
C#
.NET
AI/ML
AWS Bedrock
Gemini
OpenAI
Frontend
Angular
React.js
Vue.js
DevOps
AWS
CI/CD
GCP
Git
GitLab CI
Jenkins
Terraform
GitLab
In office (Malaysia) • Full-Time
JavaScript
Python
SQL
Java
Java
Spring Boot
Databases
Amazon Neptune
Google BigQuery
MySQL
Neo4j
Oracle
AI/ML
AI Agents
Anomaly Detection
AWS Bedrock
Gemini
LangChain
LlamaIndex
LLM
Knowledge Graph
Frontend
GraphQL
React.js
DevOps
AWS
Azure
GCP
GitHub
CI/CD
Docker
GitHub Actions
Kubernetes
Terraform
Cybersecurity
OWASP Top 10
ResMed is a global medical device and digital health company headquartered in San Diego, California, that specializes in cloud-connected solutions for sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory conditions. Founded in 1989 in Australia, the company manufactures Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) machines, masks, and life-support ventilators used in homecare and hospital settings. By integrating software platforms that remotely monitor patient therapy adherence, ResMed enables healthcare providers and patients to track respiratory health outcomes in real time.
HQ: San Diego, United States • HQ: Didcot, United Kingdom • Commerce • Consumer Electronics • Health Care • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 1989
$143k – $179k per year • Equity • Senior • 7+ years exp • In office (San Diego, United States) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Senior
AWS
Management
Confluence
Jira
≈ $75k – $149k per year (Estimated) • Senior • Remote/Hybrid (Dublin, Ireland) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Senior
Python
JavaScript
TypeScript
Databases
DynamoDB
Frontend
Next.js
React.js
DevOps
AWS
AWS Lambda
CI/CD
CloudFormation
Docker
Git
Terraform
Amazon S3
API Gateway
Management
Confluence
Jira
Marketing
Salesforce
≈ $78k – $168k per year (Estimated) • Senior • Remote/Hybrid (Dublin, Ireland) • Senior
Java
Java
Flyway
Databases
Amazon Aurora
MySQL
DevOps
Amazon EKS
AWS
CI/CD
Datadog
Kubernetes
Amazon CloudWatch
GitHub
CloudFormation
Terraform
We are the world's leading Geo-data specialist, collecting and analysing comprehensive information about the Earth and the structures built upon it. Through integrated data acquisition, analysis and advice, we unlock insights from Geo-data to help our clients design, build and operate their assets in a safe, sustainable and efficient manner.
Rio de Janeiro • Houston • Bergen • Navi Mumbai • Los Angeles • Professional Services • Ammunition • Wind Energy • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 1962
≈ $106k – $206k per year (Estimated) • Senior • 8+ years exp • Remote/Hybrid (Houston, United States) • High School Diploma • Full-Time • Staff
PowerShell
DevOps
AWS
Azure
CloudFormation
Terraform
VMWare
Windows Server
Cybersecurity
Microsoft Entra ID
≈ $135k – $296k per year (Estimated) • Staff+ • 8+ years exp • In office (Singapore) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Architect
Python
SQL
Databases
Databricks
Microsoft Fabric
AI/ML
Fine-tuning
RAG
LLM Guardrails
LLMOps
Copilot
Semantic Search
Semantic Search
AI Agents
DevOps
AWS
Azure
Robotics
Digital Twin
≈ $45k – $112k per year (Estimated) • Middle • 3+ years exp • Remote/Hybrid (Netherlands) • Full-Time • Middle
Python
SQL
Python
pySpark
Databases
Databricks
Delta Lake
AI/ML
Spark
DevOps
AWS
Azure
CI/CD
GCP
Vantage Data Centers is a leading global provider of hyperscale data center campuses that designs, builds, and operates critical digital infrastructure. Headquartered in Denver, Colorado, the company provides cloud providers, large tech enterprises, and artificial intelligence developers with high-density, customizable data storage and computing capacity. Backed by major infrastructure investors like DigitalBridge and Silver Lake, Vantage operates dozens of sustainable, powered campuses across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and South America.
Frankfurt am Main • Denver • Montreal • San Antonio • Santa Clara • Real Estate • Property Development • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 2008
$195k – $210k per year • Executive • 10+ years exp • In office (Ashburn, Denver, United States) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Architect
Hallucination
LLM
Human-in-the-Loop
ISO 42001
DevOps
AWS
Azure
GCP
Cybersecurity
Least Privilege
Threat Modeling
The Freedom of Fast The future of clinical development demands freedom: freedom from bottlenecks, from rework, from siloed systems. Our mission is to give trial teams the ability to accelerate trials without compromising science, safety, or patient-centricity.
San Diego • New York • Irvine • Digital Health • Health Care • Clinical Research
$152k – $179k per year • Equity • Remote/Hybrid • Full-Time
Python
TypeScript
JavaScript
Node JS
Node JS
InversifyJS
Databases
MySQL
PostgreSQL
Redis
AI/ML
LLM
Frontend
React.js
Vite
DevOps
AWS
Azure
Docker
GCP
$168k – $198k per year • Equity • Senior • Remote/Hybrid (Irvine, United States) • Full-Time • Senior
Node JS
Python
TypeScript
JavaScript
Node JS
InversifyJS
Databases
MySQL
PostgreSQL
Redis
AI/ML
LLM
Frontend
React.js
Vite
DevOps
AWS
Azure
Docker
GCP
Founded in 1998, GTT Communications, Inc. is a multinational telecommunications and internet provider company. The company is headquartered in McLean, Virginia.
Pune • Sofia • Prague • Nottingham • London • ISP • Telecom Infrastructure • Telecommunications • 501-1000 employees
≈ $23k – $57k per year (Estimated) • Senior • 6+ years exp • In office (Pune, India) • Full-Time • Senior
Ansible
Chef
CI/CD
Configuration Management
Puppet
SaltStack
AWS
Azure
GCP
Red Hat
Prague • London • Sofia • Remote (Czech Republic) • Master's Degree • Full-Time
C#
Go
Python
C#
.NET
DevOps
KVM
Red Hat
Ubuntu
Kubernetes
Ansible
AWS
Azure
GCP
KubeVirt
We are a US-based leader in Wi-Fi and smart home technology. See why families trust TP-Link to make their home smart, secure, and effortlessly connected.
HQ: Irvine, United States • Smart Home Devices • Hardware • Wireless
$150k – $180k per year • Senior • In office (Irvine, United States) • Visa sponsorship • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Senior
Python
DevOps
AWS
Azure
CI/CD
Kubernetes
IAM
Cybersecurity
Microsoft Defender
Microsoft Defender for Cloud
Prisma Cloud
Wiz
$170k – $200k per year • Senior • In office (Irvine, United States) • Visa sponsorship • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Senior
Go
JavaScript
PHP
TypeScript
AI/ML
LLM
Prompt Engineering
RAG
Frontend
Angular
React.js
Vue.js
DevOps
AWS
Azure
GCP
CI/CD
Docker
Kubernetes
Design
Adobe Photoshop
Figma
$135k – $170k per year • Senior • 7+ years exp • In office (Irvine, United States) • Visa sponsorship • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Senior
Java
Python
Databases
Apache Kafka
MySQL
Redis
AI/ML
Copilot
DevOps
AWS
CI/CD
Docker
Kubernetes
GitHub
Sonos is an American consumer electronics company headquartered in Santa Barbara, California, that designs and manufactures premium smart home audio equipment. Founded in 2002, the company pioneered multi-room wireless audio systems, offering a product lineup that includes smart speakers, soundbars, subwoofers, and portable audio devices controlled via a unified software app. By integrating with major music streaming services and voice assistants, Sonos delivers synchronized high-fidelity audio solutions for residential homes and commercial spaces worldwide.
HQ: Santa Barbara, United States • Consumer Electronics • Media & Entertainment • Cinema • Home Cinema • Headphones & Audio • 501-1000 employees
$182k per year • Lead • 8+ years exp • Remote/Hybrid (Goleta, United States) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Staff
JavaScript
Node JS
TypeScript
Java
Java
Gradle
Maven
Databases
DynamoDB
PostgreSQL
Redis
AI/ML
Claude
Claude Code
Copilot
Gemini
DevOps
Amazon EC2
AWS
AWS Lambda
CI/CD
Datadog
GitHub Actions
Grafana
Jenkins
Amazon S3
GitHub
Cybersecurity
SBOM
$165k – $206k per year • Staff+ • 7+ years exp • Remote/Hybrid (Boston, Seattle, Santa Barbara, United States) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Architect
Python
SQL
Databases
Snowflake
DevOps
Akamai
Ansible
AWS
Docker
Helm
Incident Management
Kubernetes
Puppet
Terraform
Azure
CI/CD
Git
Jenkins
Pulumi
Vagrant
Management
Jira
Corpay is a global business payments company that provides comprehensive solutions for managing corporate expenses, including fuel cards, lodging, and automated accounts payable systems. As a leader in spend management, the firm helps organizations of all sizes streamline financial workflows, control costs, and gain tighter visibility into their spending. Additionally, the company offers extensive cross-border payment and currency risk management services, enabling businesses to facilitate international transactions more efficiently and securely.
HQ: Atlanta, United States • Credit Cards • Financial Services • Payments • 5000+ employees • Est. 1986
Junior • 2+ years exp • In office (Malta) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Junior
Senior • 5+ years exp • In office (Malta) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Senior
Node JS
TypeScript
JavaScript
Node JS
Nest.JS
Databases
DynamoDB
Frontend
React.js
Sass
Vite
DevOps
AWS
AWS Lambda
CI/CD
CircleCI
GitHub Actions
Amazon S3
API Gateway
GitHub
Design
Figma
QA
Jest
Vitest
$69k – $86k per year (gross) • Middle • 3+ years exp • In office (Prague, Czech Republic) • Master's Degree • Full-Time • Middle
Python
SQL
Python
FastAPI
Databases
Amazon Redshift
AI/ML
Airflow
AWS Bedrock
LLM
NumPy
Pandas
PyTorch
Ray
Reinforcement Learning
RLlib
Scikit-learn
SciPy
Spark
Stable-Baselines3
vLLM
XGBoost
LLMOps
AI Agents
DevOps
AWS
Azure
Git
GitLab
Analytics
ETL/ELT
Saalex is an engineering and information technology services company headquartered in Camarillo, California, and founded in 1999. The firm provides a wide range of technical solutions including test range operations and maintenance, cybersecurity support, integrated logistics, and data analytics. It primarily serves the United States Department of Defense and other federal agencies, operating as an employee-owned organization with a nationwide presence.
HQ: Camarillo, United States • National Security • Government • Managed Security • Managed IT Services • Military Logistics • Military • Cybersecurity • Information Technology • Est. 1999
$130k – $165k per year • Equity • In office (Lexington, United States) • Full-Time
JavaScript
Node JS
Python
C#
Node JS
Prisma
C#
.NET
DevOps
Amazon EKS
AWS
CI/CD
Docker
Git
Kubernetes
OpenShift
Amazon ECS
GitLab
Cybersecurity
Prisma Cloud
$125k – $155k per year • Equity • In office • Full-Time
$90k – $125k per year • Equity • Staff+ • 9+ years exp • In office (Lexington, United States) • Full-Time • Staff
JavaScript
Python
SQL
Visual Basic
Databases
Databricks
Oracle
DevOps
AWS
Analytics
ETL/ELT
The University of Maryland, College Park is a premier public research university and the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland, located just outside Washington, D.C. Founded in 1856, the university educates over 40,000 undergraduate and graduate students across 12 colleges, offering highly ranked programs in computer science, engineering, business, and public policy. As a major R1 research institution and member of the Big Ten Conference, it leverages its strategic proximity to federal agencies, national laboratories, and corporate hubs to drive innovation, enterprise partnerships, and impactful interdisciplinary research.
HQ: College Park, United States • STEM Education • Education • Higher Education • 501-1000 employees
$132k – $159k per year • Senior • 4+ years exp • In office (United States) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Senior
Node JS
Perl
Python
Ruby
JavaScript
AI/ML
LLM
Model Context Protocol
DevOps
Ansible
AWS
CI/CD
CloudFormation
Debian
Docker
GitLab CI
Platform Engineering
Puppet
Red Hat
Ubuntu
GitLab
$150k – $225k per year • Middle • 3+ years exp • In office (United States) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Middle
Python
AI/ML
Kubeflow
PyTorch
TensorFlow
Edge AI
Feature Store
DevOps
AWS
Azure
CI/CD
CloudFormation
Docker
GCP
Kubernetes
Terraform
$140k – $195k per year • Middle • 3+ years exp • In office (United States) • Master's Degree • Middle
Python
SQL
TypeScript
JavaScript
Python
FastAPI
Flask
AI/ML
AWS Bedrock
Frontend
Angular
Next.js
React.js
Remix
DevOps
Amazon EC2
AWS
Azure
CI/CD
Docker
GCP
Kubernetes
OpenTelemetry
Amazon S3
PartnerOne is a private equity firm that specializes in acquiring, growing, and operating enterprise software and technology companies. Operating with a long-term buy-and-hold strategy, the firm focuses on established B2B software businesses with mission-critical products and recurring revenue streams. By providing capital, operational expertise, and corporate governance, the company helps its portfolio businesses optimize performance, scale customer bases, and maintain market stability.
HQ: Riverside, United States • HQ: Montreal, Canada • Venture Capital • Software • Financial Services
≈ $39k – $89k per year (Estimated) • In office (Manchester, United States) • English
Bash
PowerShell
Python
DevOps
AWS
Azure
Hyper-V
OpenStack
≈ $33k – $178k per year (Estimated) • Senior • 6+ years exp • Remote (Brazil, Colombia) • Senior
Bash
Go
Java
Python
SQL
Java
Hibernate
Spring Boot
Databases
MariaDB
MySQL
PostgreSQL
Apache Kafka
DevOps
CentOS Stream
CI/CD
Git
AWS
Azure
Bitbucket
Docker
GCP
Kubernetes
VirtualBox
GitLab
IAM
Middle • 3+ years exp • Remote (India) • Middle
SQL
Bash
PowerShell
Python
DevOps
AWS
Azure
GCP
Hyper-V
VMWare
ZoomInfo is a sales intelligence tool with a comprehensive contact database that can help sales and BD teams perform better. It provides accurate contact and company intelligence to fuel BD and sales strategies.
Bengaluru • Artificial Intelligence • Sales & Marketing • Data & Analytics • Est. 2000
$164k – $257k per year • Lead • Remote (United States) • Full-Time • Principal
Go
JavaScript
TypeScript
Node JS
Node JS
Nest.JS
AI/ML
Model Context Protocol
A2A
AI Agents
DevOps
ArgoCD
AWS
AWS Lambda
CI/CD
GCP
GitOps
Google Cloud Run
Helm
Istio
Kubernetes
Terraform
Relativity is a legal data intelligence company based in Chicago, Illinois, and founded in 2001. The company develops an AI-powered platform, RelativityOne, which helps legal professionals manage and analyze large volumes of complex data for e-discovery, litigation, and internal investigations. It serves a global client base including law firms, government agencies, and corporations, operating through a vast ecosystem of service providers and technology partners.
HQ: Chicago, United States • Incident Response • Cybersecurity • LLM & Generative AI • Data Management • Professional Services • Data & Analytics • Artificial Intelligence • Legal Services • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 2001
$130k – $195k per year • Senior • 8+ years exp • In office (New York, Washington, United States) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Senior
PowerShell
Python
AI/ML
AI Agents
DevOps
Azure
CI/CD
IAM
AWS
GCP
Cybersecurity
BeyondTrust
CIS Benchmarks
CyberArk
Defense in Depth
GDPR
HIPAA
ISO 27001
Microsoft Entra ID
Okta
SOC 2
Zero Trust
Least Privilege
FedRAMP
$104k – $156k per year • Senior • 2+ years exp • In office (New York, United States) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Senior
C#
Python
DevOps
Azure
GitHub Actions
GitHub
IAM
AWS
GCP
Cybersecurity
GDPR
HIPAA
Threat Modeling
$67k – $100k per year • Senior • 7+ years exp • Kraków • Remote (Poland) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Senior
AI Agents
LLM Guardrails
Model Context Protocol
DevOps
CI/CD
Azure
AWS
Bicep
CloudFormation
Pulumi
Terraform
KLA Corporation is a global technology leader that specializes in process control and yield management solutions for the semiconductor and electronics industries. Founded in 1975 and headquartered in Milpitas, California, the company manufactures advanced wafer inspection tools, metrology systems, and computational analytics software to help chipmakers detect defects and optimize manufacturing efficiency. Listed on the NASDAQ, it serves major semiconductor foundries, packaging providers, and electronics manufacturers worldwide.
Ann Arbor • Hsinchu • Milpitas • Erfurt • Boise • Manufacturing • Hardware • Semiconductor Manufacturing • Semiconductors • 1001-5000 employees
$163k – $285k per year • Equity • Lead • 10+ years exp • In office (Milpitas, United States) • Full-Time • Architect
AWS
Azure
Azure DevOps
CI/CD
CloudFormation
FinOps
GCP
Jenkins
Kubernetes
Terraform
GitHub
GitLab
IAM
Cybersecurity
FedRAMP
HIPAA
ISO 27001
SOC 2
Threat Modeling
$138k – $234k per year • Equity • Senior • 6+ years exp • In office (Milpitas, Ann Arbor, United States) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Senior
Snowflake
DevOps
AWS
Azure
Analytics
Power BI
Management
ServiceNow
≈ $69k – $141k per year (Estimated) • Equity • Junior • 1+ year exp • In office (Phoenix, United States) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Junior
Python
DevOps
AWS
Azure
Docker
Kubernetes
Kantar is a global data, insights, and consulting company headquartered in London, United Kingdom, and founded in 1992. The firm provides a comprehensive suite of services including market research, brand equity evaluation, creative testing, media effectiveness analysis, and consumer behavior analytics. It operates in over 90 markets worldwide with a workforce of more than 20,000 employees, serving diverse industries to support brand development and strategic decision-making.
HQ: London, United Kingdom • Decision Intelligence • Artificial Intelligence • Customer Analytics • Marketing Analytics • Sales & Marketing • Data & Analytics • Market Research • 5000+ employees • Est. 1992
≈ $28k – $54k per year (Estimated) • Senior • In office (Hyderabad, India) • Relocation • Visa sponsorship • Full-Time • Senior
Python
SQL
Databases
Amazon Redshift
DevOps
AWS
Azure
Analytics
Power BI
A/B Testing
≈ $29k – $75k per year (Estimated) • Lead • 5+ years exp • In office (Bengaluru, India) • Master's Degree • Full-Time • Staff
C#
JavaScript
SQL
TypeScript
C#
ASP.NET Core
Databases
ElasticSearch
MySQL
Frontend
Angular
DevOps
AWS
Azure
CI/CD
Kibana
Logstash
≈ $94k – $171k per year (Estimated) • Senior • Remote/Hybrid (London, United Kingdom) • Relocation • Visa sponsorship • Full-Time • Senior
Node JS
Python
TypeScript
JavaScript
Databases
Apache Kafka
AI/ML
AI Agents
LangChain
RAG
DevOps
AWS
Azure
GCP
Robotics
Digital Twin
Quantinuum builds powerful quantum computers and develops advanced software to run on them. Their hardware depends upon trapped ion technology that employs singular atoms for storing and processing information. This technology is quite stable and precise, which makes it one of the best options for constructing large-scale quantum systems.
New York • Cambridge • Broomfield • London • Albuquerque • Artificial Intelligence • Science & Engineering • Quantum Science & Computing • 501-1000 employees • Est. 1998
$112k – $140k per year • Equity • Senior • 5+ years exp • In office (Broomfield, United States) • High School Diploma • Full-Time • Senior • Russian
$86k – $108k per year • Equity • Middle • 3+ years exp • Broomfield • Remote (United States) • High School Diploma • Full-Time • Architect • Russian
Perl
Python
DevOps
AWS
Azure
Cybersecurity
Wireshark
Web3
Layer 2
