Updated Aug 31, 2026

Mobile Developer Jobs in Toronto

Mobile Developer jobs in Toronto hiring now at vetted startups and product companies on Alion, updated daily. Average salary around $185,861/year. Compare remote, hybrid and on-site positions with relocation and visa sponsorship. Browse and apply today.

Open positions
38
Companies
28
Salary range
$94K – $244K
Average salary
$190K
Toronto
AI/ML
Data Science
Backend
Frontend
Mobile
DevOps
Web3
Games
Hardware
Robotics
Security
QA
Executive
Networking
Product
Design
Analytics
Support
Enterprise Apps
Quantum

Zafin

zafin.com
Zafin is a cloud platform for product and pricing lifecycle management that empowers financial institutions to modernize their core banking system and bring personalized products and solutions to market.
zafin.com • HQ: Toronto, Canada • Banking • Financial Services • Artificial Intelligence • Est. 2002
HQ: Toronto, Canada • Banking • Financial Services • Artificial Intelligence • Est. 2002
Top 25% payVerified live · 1 hour ago 27 days ago

AI Mobile Engineer- Android

$80k – $190k per year • In office (Toronto, Canada)
Kotlin
AI/ML
AI Agents
Human-in-the-Loop
Mobile
Android SDK
Jetpack Compose
DevOps
CI/CD
Apply
Report

Speechify

speechify.com
Speechify is a voice AI productivity company best known for its text-to-speech app. It lets users listen to articles, PDFs, books, and web pages, and also offers voice typing, AI summaries, and AI podcasts. The company was founded in 2017 and is centered on accessibility and productivity.
speechify.com • HQ: Miami, United States • Education • AI Agents • Artificial Intelligence • 5000+ employees
HQ: Miami, United States • Education • AI Agents • Artificial Intelligence • 5000+ employees
Verified live · 4 hours ago 1 year ago

Software Engineer, iOS Core Product - Toronto, Canada

$57k – $173k per year (Estimated)In office (Toronto, Canada) • PhD
Swift
AI/ML
Text-to-Speech
Mobile
Fastlane
SwiftUI
DevOps
CI/CD
Git
Vercel
Apply
Top 25% payVerified live · 4 hours ago 1 year ago

Software Engineer, iOS Core Product

$140k – $200k per year • Remote • PhD
Swift
AI/ML
Text-to-Speech
Mobile
Fastlane
SwiftUI
DevOps
CI/CD
Git
Vercel
Apply
Verified live · 4 hours ago 1 year ago

Software Engineer, iOS Core Product

Remote • PhD
Swift
AI/ML
Text-to-Speech
Mobile
Fastlane
SwiftUI
DevOps
CI/CD
Git
Vercel
Apply
Report

Cohere

cohere.com
Cohere is a Canadian AI company founded in 2019 and headquartered in Toronto. It builds secure, enterprise-focused large language models and AI tools for businesses and regulated industries. The company is known for emphasizing privacy, private deployment, and "sovereign AI" rather than consumer chat products
cohere.com • HQ: Toronto, Canada • Energy & Utilities • Biotechnology • Natural Language Processing • LLM & Generative AI • Artificial Intelligence • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 2019
HQ: Toronto, Canada • Energy & Utilities • Biotechnology • Natural Language Processing • LLM & Generative AI • Artificial Intelligence • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 2019
Verified live · 12 hours ago 5 days ago

Senior Mobile Engineer (iOS or Android)

$97k – $216k per year (Estimated) • Senior • TorontoCalgaryOttawaMontreal • Remote (Canada) • Full-Time • Senior
Kotlin
Swift
AI/ML
Edge AI
Apply
Report

Clario

clario.com
Clario is a healthcare technology company headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with a history dating back to 1972. The organization provides clinical trial endpoint technology and services, including electronic clinical outcome assessments, medical imaging, cardiac safety monitoring, and respiratory solutions. It operates on a global scale, supporting pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms through all phases of clinical research to generate high-quality evidence for regulatory submissions.
clario.com • HQ: Philadelphia, United States • Medical AI • Artificial Intelligence • Biotechnology • Digital Health • Medical Imaging • CRO & CDMO Services • Health Care • Clinical Research • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 1972
HQ: Philadelphia, United States • Medical AI • Artificial Intelligence • Biotechnology • Digital Health • Medical Imaging • CRO & CDMO Services • Health Care • Clinical Research • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 1972
Verified live · 1 hour ago 7 days ago

Mobile Platform Technical Lead

$78k – $203k per year (Estimated) • Lead • 5+ years expCanada • Remote (Canada) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Staff
C#
Kotlin
Python
Swift
C#
.NET
Mobile
Codemagic
Fastlane
MAUI
DevOps
Azure
Azure DevOps
CI/CD
CircleCI
Docker
GitHub Actions
GitLab CI
Helm
Jenkins
Kubernetes
GitHub
GitLab
Apply
Report

3Pillar Global

3pillar.ai
3Pillar Global is an international digital product development firm that partners with tech-forward companies to build custom software, web applications, and mobile platforms. The company combines product strategy, engineering, and user experience design to turn client concepts into scalable, revenue-generating digital products. Operating with global delivery centers, it delivers full-lifecycle product development to clients across media, healthcare, finance, and consumer sectors.
3pillar.ai • HQ: Washington, United States • Software • Information Technology • Artificial Intelligence • 1001-5000 employees
HQ: Washington, United States • Software • Information Technology • Artificial Intelligence • 1001-5000 employees
Verified live · 5 hours ago 10 days ago

Senior Mobile Developer

$95k – $213k per year (Estimated) • Senior • 5+ years exp • Remote (Canada) • Contractor • Senior
JavaScript
Kotlin
Swift
TypeScript
Databases
SQLite
AI/ML
Claude
Copilot
Cursor
Frontend
React.js
Mobile
Capacitor
Expo
Ionic
Offline-First
React Native
Realm
DevOps
GitHub
Apply
Report

Instacart AI

instacart.ai
Instacart's enterprise AI platform provides specialized artificial intelligence solutions designed to modernize online and in-store grocery retail. The technology suite includes white-label conversational shopping assistants, computer-vision inventory tracking, and automated catalog enrichment tools trained on extensive historical retail data. By integrating smart hardware and predictive analytics into existing supermarket networks, it enables grocers to streamline operations, enhance inventory visibility, and deliver personalized shopping experiences.
instacart.ai • San Francisco • Chicago • Boston • Wayne • Allentown
San Francisco • Chicago • Boston • Wayne • Allentown
Verified live · 10 hours ago 10 days ago

Senior Android Engineer II, Digital Twin Platform

$94k – $211k per year (Estimated) • Equity • Senior • 5+ years exp • Remote (United States, Canada) • Full-Time • Senior
Java
Kotlin
Mobile
Android SDK
Clean Architecture
Jetpack Compose
MVVM
Robotics
Digital Twin
Apply
Report

EarnIn

earnin.com
EarnIn (Activehours, Inc.) is a financial technology platform headquartered in Palo Alto, California. Founded in 2013 by CEO Ram Palaniappan (originally as Activehours), the company pioneered the earned wage access (EWA) sector, providing workers with real-time access to their pay as they earn it rather than waiting for traditional biweekly paychecks. EarnIn connects to users' bank accounts and work tracking systems to enable wage access without mandatory fees, interest, or credit checks, operating primarily on a voluntary tipping model and optional expedited transfer fees.
earnin.com • HQ: Palo Alto, United States • Financial Services • Personal Finance • FinTech • Est. 2013
HQ: Palo Alto, United States • Financial Services • Personal Finance • FinTech • Est. 2013
Top 25% payVerified live · 2 hours ago 10 days ago

Senior Mobile Engineer (Android)

$200k – $244k per year • Senior • 4+ years exp • Remote (Canada) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Senior
Kotlin
Java
Kotlin
Kotlin Coroutines
Java
RxJava
Mobile
Clean Architecture
Jetpack Compose
MVI
MVP
MVVM
DevOps
CI/CD
Git
Analytics
A/B Testing
Marketing
Amplitude
Apply
Report

Robinhood

robinhood.com
Robinhood is a pioneer in commission-free trading, providing a popular financial platform for investing in stocks, options, ETFs, and cryptocurrencies. Designed with a mobile-first approach, the platform lowers traditional barriers to entry by offering features like fractional shares, high-yield cash accounts, and intuitive digital tools.
robinhood.com • HQ: Menlo Park, United States • Financial Services • Capital Markets • FinTech • 1001-5000 employees
HQ: Menlo Park, United States • Financial Services • Capital Markets • FinTech • 1001-5000 employees
Verified live · 2 hours ago 25 days ago

Senior Android Engineer, Wallet

$75k – $178k per year (Estimated) • Equity • Senior • 5+ years expIn office (Toronto, Canada) • Senior
Java
Kotlin
Java
RxJava
Kotlin
Kotlin Coroutines
Retrofit
Mobile
Android SDK
Jetpack Compose
MVVM
Room
Web3
DeFi
Smart Contracts
Apply
$120k – $141k per year • Equity • Senior • 5+ years expIn office (Toronto, Canada) • Full-Time • Senior
Java
Kotlin
Java
RxJava
Kotlin
Kotlin Coroutines
Retrofit
Mobile
Android SDK
Jetpack Compose
MVVM
Room
Web3
DeFi
Smart Contracts
Apply
Report

Layer6

layer6.ai
Headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Layer 6 AI is an artificial intelligence research laboratory and engineering organization operating as the AI center of excellence for TD Bank Group. Founded in 2016 and acquired by TD Bank in 2018, the company develops and deploys enterprise-grade deep learning, generative AI, and time-series forecasting models across retail banking, wealth management, and financial operations.
layer6.ai • HQ: Toronto, Canada • Artificial Intelligence • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 2016
HQ: Toronto, Canada • Artificial Intelligence • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 2016
Verified live · 1 day ago 11 days ago

Manager, Engineering (iOS)

$60k – $158k per year (Estimated) • Lead • 7+ years expIn office (Toronto, Canada) • Full-Time • Staff
Swift
Swift
Swift Concurrency
Mobile
SwiftUI
Apply
Report

UpStart Quest

upstart.quest
Find the right startup directories to promote your product. Browse 150+ verified platforms, compare traffic and domain authority, and get AI-powered launch recommendations.
upstart.quest • Austin • Columbus • New York • Artificial Intelligence
Austin • Columbus • New York • Artificial Intelligence
Verified live · 11 hours ago 12 days ago

Principal Mobile Engineer, Cash Line

$113k – $260k per year (Estimated) • Equity • Lead • 8+ years exp • Remote (Canada) • Principal
Java
Kotlin
TypeScript
JavaScript
Frontend
React.js
Mobile
React Native
Apply
Report

Stripe

stripe.com
Stripe is an American-Irish multinational financial infrastructure and SaaS company dual-headquartered in South San Francisco, California, and Dublin, Ireland. Founded in 2010 by brothers Patrick and John Collison, the firm provides developer-centric payment processing software and APIs for internet businesses.
stripe.com • HQ: San Francisco, United States • Commerce • Artificial Intelligence • Blockchain & Crypto • Financial Services • FinTech • Payments • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 2010
HQ: San Francisco, United States • Commerce • Artificial Intelligence • Blockchain & Crypto • Financial Services • FinTech • Payments • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 2010
Open 222 daysVerified live · 3 hours ago 7 months ago

Android Engineer, Terminal

$17k – $177k per year (Estimated) • Junior • 2+ years expIn office (Toronto, Canada) • Junior
Go
Kotlin
Java
Objective-C
Python
Apply
Report

Mozilla Corporation

mozilla.org
Mozilla Corporation is a prominent global technology non-profit organization and open-source software developer headquartered in Mountain View, California, USA. Founded in 1998 as an offshoot of Netscape Communications, the organization operates on an open-source software development, digital rights advocacy, privacy technology, and commercial digital services model led by Executive Director / CEO Laura Chambers.
mozilla.org • HQ: Mountain View, United States • Gaming • PC Games • Artificial Intelligence • Machine Learning • Web Development • Software • Internet Services • 501-1000 employees • Est. 1998
HQ: Mountain View, United States • Gaming • PC Games • Artificial Intelligence • Machine Learning • Web Development • Software • Internet Services • 501-1000 employees • Est. 1998
Verified live · 1 hour ago 25 days ago

Senior Mobile Engineer, iOS

$79k – $176k per year (Estimated) • Senior • 7+ years exp • Remote (Canada) • Full-Time • Senior • Japanese: C1 • French: C1 • German: C1
Swift
C#
C#
.NET
Mobile
SwiftUI
DevOps
Git
Apply
Report

DualEntry

dualentry.com
DualEntry is an modern accounting software platform designed to simplify financial management for growing businesses and enterprises. The company provides automated bookkeeping, real-time reporting, and unified general ledger tools to help finance teams maintain accurate ledgers with less manual effort. By streamlining workflows and integrating with existing business systems, its platform helps companies eliminate manual data entry and scale their financial operations efficiently.
dualentry.com • New York • San Francisco • London • Software • Financial Services • Artificial Intelligence • FinTech • Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) • 201-500 employees • Est. 2024
New York • San Francisco • London • Software • Financial Services • Artificial Intelligence • FinTech • Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) • 201-500 employees • Est. 2024
25 days ago

Lead Mobile Engineer

$120k – $180k per year • Equity • Lead • 5+ years expNew York • Remote (Canada, Cyprus) • Relocation • Visa sponsorship • Full-Time • Staff
TypeScript
JavaScript
Frontend
React.js
Mobile
Expo
React Native
Design
Figma
Apply
Top 25% pay 30 days ago

Mobile Engineer (React Native/Expo)

$120k – $180k per year • Equity • New York • Remote (Canada) • Relocation • Visa sponsorship • Full-Time
TypeScript
JavaScript
Kotlin
Swift
Frontend
React.js
Mobile
Expo
React Native
TestFlight
Offline-First
DevOps
GitHub
Apply
Verified live · 1 day ago 1 month ago

Lead Mobile Engineer

$120k – $180k per year • Equity • Lead • 5+ years exp • Remote (Canada, Cyprus) • Relocation • Visa sponsorship • Full-Time • Staff
TypeScript
JavaScript
Python
Databases
PostgreSQL
Frontend
React.js
Mobile
Expo
React Native
Design
Figma
Apply
Report
MEDFAR Clinical Solutions is a Canadian health technology company based in Montreal that specializes in cloud-based Electronic Medical Record (EMR) and practice management software. Its flagship platform, MYLE (Modular Yet Leading Edge), provides an integrated clinical solution designed to streamline workflows for physicians, nurses, and administrative staff.
medfar.com • HQ: Montreal, Canada • Health Care • Digital Health
HQ: Montreal, Canada • Health Care • Digital Health
Verified live · 3 hours ago 25 days ago

React Native - Mobile Software Developer (SaaS Healthcare)

$43k – $165k per year (Estimated) • Middle • 4+ years expMontreal • Remote (Canada) • PhD • Full-Time • Middle • French
JavaScript
Frontend
React.js
Mobile
React Native
DevOps
CI/CD
Apply
Report

Canonical

canonical.com
Canonical is the publisher of Ubuntu, the world's most widely used Linux distribution, headquartered in London. Founded in 2004 by Mark Shuttleworth, the company provides enterprise-grade services, support, and security for open-source software, enabling organizations to deploy and manage workloads consistently across diverse environments. Their portfolio spans the entire compute spectrum - from public and private cloud infrastructure (OpenStack), container orchestration (Kubernetes/MicroK8s), and data center management to specialized edge and IoT computing.
canonical.com • HQ: London, United Kingdom • Artificial Intelligence • Software • Information Technology • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 2004
HQ: London, United Kingdom • Artificial Intelligence • Software • Information Technology • 1001-5000 employees • Est. 2004
Open 1054 daysVerified live · 10 hours ago 3 years ago

Web Frontend Engineer - JS, CSS, React, Flutter

$48k – $70k per year • Junior • Remote • Bachelor's Degree
TypeScript
JavaScript
Frontend
React.js
DevOps
Debian
Rest API
Ubuntu
Docker
Kubernetes
Apply
Report

Fireblocks

fireblocks.com
Fireblocks is a digital asset infrastructure company founded in 2018 and headquartered in New York. It provides institutional custody and transfer technology built on multi-party computation, together with a policy engine and a connected network of counterparties. Banks, exchanges, payment firms and asset managers use the platform to secure and move large volumes of tokenised value.
fireblocks.com • HQ: New York, United States • Stablecoins • Cryptocurrencies • Blockchain & Crypto • Est. 2018
HQ: New York, United States • Stablecoins • Cryptocurrencies • Blockchain & Crypto • Est. 2018
Open 205 daysVerified live · 8 min ago 6 months ago

Mobile Engineer (Remote)

$106k – $237k per year (Estimated) • Senior • 5+ years expBogotá • Remote (United States, Canada) • Bachelor's Degree • Senior
Kotlin
Rust
Swift
JavaScript
Frontend
WebAssembly
React.js
Mobile
React Native
DevOps
CI/CD
Apply
Report

Pinterest

pinterest.com
Pinterest is a visual discovery platform that empowers users to find and share creative ideas, allowing them to dream up new possibilities and plan lasting memories. It's designed for anyone seeking inspiration, from DIY enthusiasts to event planners, making it a hub for innovation and unique experiences.
pinterest.com • HQ: San Francisco, United States • Media & Entertainment • Digital Media • 1001-5000 employees
HQ: San Francisco, United States • Media & Entertainment • Digital Media • 1001-5000 employees
Verified live · 2 hours ago 2 months ago

Sr. Software Engineer, iOS

$82k – $194k per year (Estimated) • Senior • 5+ years expIn office (Toronto, Canada) • Relocation • Bachelor's Degree • Senior
Objective-C
Swift
Analytics
A/B Testing
Apply
Open 913 daysVerified live · 2 hours ago 2 years ago

Sr. Software Engineer, Android

$81k – $193k per year (Estimated) • Senior • 4+ years expRemote/Hybrid (Toronto, Canada) • Relocation • Bachelor's Degree • Senior
Java
Kotlin
Mobile
Dependency Injection
Modularization
DevOps
Platform Engineering
Apply
Open 261 dayVerified live · 2 hours ago 8 months ago

Software Engineer, iOS

$15k – $164k per year (Estimated) • Junior • 2+ years expIn office (Toronto, Canada) • Relocation • Bachelor's Degree • Junior
Objective-C
Swift
Analytics
A/B Testing
Apply
Report

Credit Genie

creditgenie.com
Our Company:Credit Genie takes a non-traditional approach to debt relief - we perform a holistic review of a consumer&s;s financial situation to calculate the appropriate debt reduction. Lenders have more confidence in Credit Genie&s;s evidence-ba...
creditgenie.com • New York • Philadelphia • San Francisco • Toronto • Credit Cards
New York • Philadelphia • San Francisco • Toronto • Credit Cards
Verified live · 3 hours ago 1 month ago

Senior iOS Engineer

$135k – $246k per year (Estimated) • Senior • 5+ years expIn office (New York, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, United States, Toronto, Canada) • Full-Time • Senior
Swift
Mobile
SwiftUI
Design
Figma
Sketch
Apply
Verified live · 3 hours ago 1 month ago

Staff iOS Engineer

$165k – $339k per year (Estimated) • Staff+ • 8+ years expIn office (New York, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, United States, Toronto, Canada) • Full-Time • Staff
Swift
Mobile
SwiftUI
Design
Figma
Sketch
Apply
Report

Thumbtack

thumbtack.com
Thumbtack is an American technology company headquartered in San Francisco, California, and was founded in 2008. The company operates an online marketplace that connects consumers with local service professionals for a wide range of tasks, including home improvement, event planning, and wellness services. It serves millions of customers across all 50 U.S. states, providing a platform for small business owners to manage leads and grow their client base through a mobile app and website.
thumbtack.com • HQ: San Francisco, United States • Lifestyle • Residential Real Estate • Real Estate • Online Directories & Classifieds • Internet Services • Professional Services • Commerce • Marketplaces • Est. 2008
HQ: San Francisco, United States • Lifestyle • Residential Real Estate • Real Estate • Online Directories & Classifieds • Internet Services • Professional Services • Commerce • Marketplaces • Est. 2008
Top 25% payVerified live · 12 hours ago 1 month ago

Senior iOS Engineer, Customer Growth

$180k – $233k per year • Senior • OntarioColumbia • Remote (Canada) • Full-Time • Senior
Objective-C
Swift
Apply
Report

Rakuten Group

rakuten.com
Rakuten Group is a Japanese technology company that operates e-commerce, financial technology, telecommunications, and digital content services. Its businesses include the Rakuten Ichiba marketplace, banking and payment products, mobile services, and online media platforms.
rakuten.com • HQ: Tokyo, Japan • Commerce • Marketplaces • E-commerce Platforms • 1001-5000 employees
HQ: Tokyo, Japan • Commerce • Marketplaces • E-commerce Platforms • 1001-5000 employees
Verified live · 1 day ago 2 months ago

Principal Android Engineer

$63k – $164k per year (Estimated) • Lead • 15+ years expIn office (Toronto, Canada) • Bachelor's Degree • Full-Time • Principal
Java
Kotlin
Java
RxJava
Kotlin
Dagger
Hilt
Kotlin Coroutines
AI/ML
Context Engineering
Mobile
Android SDK
Clean Architecture
Dependency Injection
Espresso
Jetpack Compose
JUnit
Modularization
MVP
MVVM
Reactive Programming
Robolectric
DevOps
GitHub
Analytics
A/B Testing
Apply
Report

Salary range

Seniority Jobs 25% Median 75%
Senior 8 $115K $180K $244K
All levels 14 $140K $180K $200K

Based only on the listings that state pay. Gross annual amounts, converted to USD so roles in different currencies stay comparable.

Fully remote 61%
23
Hybrid 8%
3
On site 32%
12
Visa sponsorship 8%
3
Relocation package 21%
8
Equity 24%
9

The market right now

Alion currently lists 38 open Mobile Developer jobs in Toronto from 28 companies. 4 of them were posted or refreshed in the last seven days. 23 of the employers have posted something in the last three months, which is the pool worth watching if you are starting a search now. Every listing links straight to the employer, so you apply on their own board rather than through an intermediary.

What these roles pay

14 of these Mobile Developer jobs in Toronto state pay directly. Across them the middle half of the market sits between $140K and $200K a year, with a median of $180K. Figures are gross annual amounts converted to US dollars, so roles in different currencies stay comparable.

Where the work is

The largest concentrations of these roles are Canada (1) and Colombia (1). 61% of the listings are fully remote and a further 8% are hybrid, so a large part of this market is open to you regardless of where you live.

Who is hiring

The employers with the most open Mobile Developer jobs in Toronto right now are Pinterest (4), Speechify (3), DualEntry (3), Robinhood (2), Credit Genie (2), and Walter (2). Each company page on Alion carries its size, funding stage, tech stack and every other position it has open, so you can judge the employer before you spend an evening on the application.

What employers ask for

Reading across the current listings, the tools that come up most often are Kotlin (22), Swift (20), React.js (13), JavaScript (13), React Native (12), CI/CD (11), Java (10), and SwiftUI (9). The counts are how many of these openings name each one, which is a better guide to what is actually being hired for than a generic skills list.

Relocation, visas and equity

Of the current Mobile Developer jobs in Toronto, 3 state visa sponsorship, 8 offer a relocation package, and 9 include equity. These are filters on the list above, so you can narrow it to the ones that make a move possible for you.

Mobile Developer Jobs in Toronto
Frequently asked questions
How many Mobile Developer jobs in Toronto are open right now?
There are 38 open Mobile Developer jobs in Toronto on Alion from 28 companies. The list was last refreshed on August 31, 2026.
What do Mobile Developer jobs in Toronto pay?
The median is $180K a year, and the middle half of the market falls between $140K and $200K. This is based on the 14 listings that state pay.
Are any of these roles remote?
23 of the 38 listings (61%) are fully remote, and you can filter the list down to them in one click.
Which companies are hiring?
The most active employers right now are Pinterest, Speechify, DualEntry, Robinhood, Credit Genie, and Walter. Each has its own page on Alion with the rest of its open roles.
Can I get visa sponsorship or relocation?
Yes - of the current listings, 3 state visa sponsorship and 8 offer a relocation package. Both are filters on the jobs page.
How do I apply?
Open any listing and apply on the employer's own board through the link on the page. No account is required to browse or to apply.